Now that $k$ is defined as the amount of capital per effective worker, increases in the effective number of workers because of technological progress decrease $k$:

$g$

0.02
00.15

The introduction of technological progress also modifies the criterion for the Golden Rule, which is now defined as the steady state that maximises consumption per effective worker. Following the same argument as before, steady state consumption per effective worker is maximised if:

$MPK = \delta + n + g$

Because in practice economies experience both population growth and technological progress, we must use this criterion to determine if the economy is in the Golden Rule steady state.

We will now explore how key variables behave in the steady state with technological progress. As we have seen, capital per effective worker $k$ is constant in the steady state. Because $y = f(k)$ output per effective worker is also constant in the steady state.

We can now infer what is happening with the other variables that are not expressed at the per effective worker level. We consider output per actual worker $Y/L = y \times E$. In the steady state, $y$ is constant, whilst $E$ grows at rate $g$, hence $Y/L$ is also growing at rate $g$ in the steady state.

Similarly, we consider how total output $Y = y \times (E \times L)$ evolves in the steady state. We know that $y$ is constant in the steady state, whilst $E$ grows at rate $g$ and $L$ grows at rate $n$. Hence total output $Y$ grows at rate $n + g$ in the steady state.

We can summarise the growth rates of key variables in the steady state as follows:

Capital per effective worker$k = K/(E \times L)$0
Output per effective worker$y = Y/(E \times L)$0
Output per worker$Y/L = y \times E$$g$
Total Output$Y = y \times (E \times L)$$g + n$